x <- "hello world!" y <- "5" z <- "3" y+z w <- paste(y,z) w nchar(x) nchar(w) date <- "2019-05-23" substring(date,1,4) substring(date,5,7) is.character("5") is.character(5) number <- "5" is.character(number) number <- as.numeric(number) is.character(number)