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Commonly Used Functions

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Following are terse descriptions for Python3 keywords, programming concepts, and commonly used functions. For more information, see [https://www.w3schools.com/python/python_ref_keywords.asp w3schools] for a bit more explanation and [https://docs.python.org/3/reference/ python.org] for the language reference.

=Keywords=
The following are heavily used in all levels of Python programming. This is a minimum set of keywords to know how to use.
* <code>break</code> - exit the current loop
* <code>continue</code> - in a loop, go to next iteration of the loop
* <code>is</code> - determine whether two objects are the same object (not just value)
* <code>import, from</code> - to load a module
* <code>def</code> - declare a function
* <code>while</code> - loop with only condition
* <code>if, elif, else</code> - conditional statements (three keywords)
* <code>for</code> - loop with that iterates through a list
* <code>return</code> - keyword to send a value back from a function
* <code>and</code> - boolean operator, True only if both sides are True
* <code>or</code> - boolean operator, True if either side is True
* <code>not</code> - boolean operator, negates
* <code>True, False</code> - boolean values (two keywords)
* <code>del</code> - remove from a list by position
* <code>try, except</code> - handle an exception, basic use (2 keywords)
* <code>raise, assert</code> - raise/indicate an exception (2 keywords)
* <code>in</code> - test if something is inside of a list/string/tuple/dictionary
* <code>None</code> - special value for a variable that has no value
* <code>pass</code> - empty statement that does not do anything

==More Keywords==
These keywords are often not introduced or heavily used until the second Python course.
* <code>as, finally, with, else</code> - exception handling, more keywords (4 keywords)
* <code>class</code> - defining new class data type (for object-oriented programming)
* <code>lambda</code> - create unnamed / anonymous function
* <code>global, nonlocal</code> - access variables outside of current scope (2 keywords)
* <code>async, await</code> - for writing asynchronous code with asynchio package (2 keywords)
* <code>yield</code> - for creating generator functions

=Concepts=
''See [https://youtu.be/rB8jY3Y54_A this video] for a demo and explanation of basic data types and variables.
''

These are terms that we use to describe programs. These are terms that have a precise meaning when talking about programs.
* '''string''' - text data type
* '''boolean''' - data type for True and False
* '''floating point''' - data type that stores numbers with fractional parts (e.g., 3.14 or 2.2)
* '''integer''' - data type that stores only integers
* '''<code>None</code>''' - a special value in Python that means "nothing" but is different than 0, False, and ""
* '''variable''' - name for a place in memory to store values. Two basic things you do with a variable - (i) store a value into the variable, (ii) get the value from the variable.
* '''keywords''' - also called ''reserved'' words - these are names that should not be used for variable names because they have special meaning to python. Example: <code>for</code> is used for loops and shouldn't be used as a variable name.
* '''function''' - also called ''procedures'' or ''methods'' - name for a block of code that does something and that your code can use when needed. Two basic things you can do with a function - (i) define what the function is (specify the code for the function), (ii) call the function later on in your code. Three main parts of defining function - (a) function code (called the ''body''), (b) function ''parameters'' (aka input variables), (c) function return values. Three main parts of calling/using a function - (1) specify the ''arguments'' to the function (which are passed in to the parameters of the function), (2) ''call'' the function, (3) get the ''return'' value of the function. Note that the ''function prototype'' refers to the line that declares the function, which has the function name, return type, and list of parameters to the function. When a function is called, the arguments to the function are ''passed'' to the function (parameter variables are set equal to the arguments).
* '''flow chart''' - diagram that shows the steps / flow of control in a program (also used to diagram decision-making in other settings - e.g., diagnosis of an illness, managing a factory, ...)
* '''binary operator''' - operator that takes two values to produce a result. An example is addition, 2 + 3 results in 5. Another example is == comparison, 'hi' == 'bye' results in False because the two are not equal.
* '''unary operator''' - operator that takes one value to produce a result. An example is Boolean not, not True results in False.
* '''operator precedence''' - rules for which operators are evaluated first in an expression. For example, in 1 + 2 * 3, the multiplication is performed first, giving 1 + 6, and then the + is performed to result in 7. For Python, see [https://docs.python.org/3/reference/expressions.html#evaluation-order python.org].
* '''operator associativity''' - rule whether operators of the same type are evaluated left-to-right or right-to-left. Math operators are left-to-right. For Python, see [https://docs.python.org/3/reference/expressions.html#evaluation-order python.org].

=More Information=
[https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html Python built-in types] - includes information on operations that come along with the builtin types.

=Commonly Used Functions=
* <code>print</code> - function to write to the screen
* <code>int, float, str</code> - functions to convert to integer, floating point number, or string
* <code>range</code> - function to generate a sequence of numbers
* <code>len</code> - function to get the length of a string, list, or tuple
* <code>open, read, write, close</code> - functions for reading/writing text files and options 'r', 'w', 'a' for open
* string methods - <code>isalpha</code>, <code>isdigit</code>, <code>split</code>, <code>join</code>
* list methods - <code>sort, index, append, remove, copy</code>
* tuple methods - <code>index, count</code>
* dictionary methods - <code>keys, values, items</code>
* syntax for using strings, lists, tuples dictionaries -
* methods in random module - <code>randint, shuffle</code>
* methods in sys module - <code>exit, argv</code> list
* methods from the copy module - <code>copy.deepcopy</code>

=Assignment=
It is traditional to have a quiz where you must properly be able to identify all Python keywords and data types. A quiz that you can practice with is - [https://indstate.instructure.com/courses/12565/quizzes/228163?module_item_id=1145854 Python Keywords and Data Types Quiz].

'''Pass rating check''' If you are assigned this quiz in a course, you should be able to get 100% once you get comfortable with Python.

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